Brief about isro and it’s achievements.

The Indian Space Research Organisation, commonly known as ISRO, is the national space agency of India. It operates under the Department of Space (DOS) which is directly overseen by the Prime Minister of India, while the Chairman of ISRO also acts as the executive of DOS. ISRO is primarily responsible for performing tasks related to space-based applications such as, Space exploration, deploy of Cryogenic engines and a large fleet of Artificial Satellites.

ISRO was previously known as The Indian National Committee for Space Research ( INCOSPAR), set up by the government of India in 1962. It was envisioned by scientist Vikram Sarabhai , for recognising the need in space research. INCOSPAR replaced and became ISRO in 1969.

ISRO built India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet space agency Interkosmos in 1975. In 1980, ISRO launched satellite RS-1 engaged its own SLV-3. After the launch of SLV-3, India became the seventh country to be capable of undertaking orbital launches. SLV-3 was followed by ASLV, which was subsequently succeeded by development of many medium-lift launch vehicles, rocket engines, and satellite systems.

ISRO has the world’s largest constellation of remote-sensing satellites and operates the GAGAN and IRNSS. It has sent three missions to the Moon and one to Mars.

Chandrayaan-1, India’s first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR , Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. The Spacecraft orbited around the Moon at an altitude of 100km (200km from May 2009 to August 2009) from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. The mission was concluded when the communication with the Spacecraft was lost on August 29, 2009. The Chandrayaan 1 weight arounds 1,380 kilograms. The objective of Chandrayaan 1 is to study the surface of the Moon, and also to unravel the mysteries of the Moon. The mission objective is to realise the mission goal of harnessing the science payloads, lunar craft and the launch vehicle with suitable ground support systems including Deep Space Network station. To realise the intergration and Testing, launching and achieving lunar polar orbit of about 100 km, in-orbit operation of experiments, communication/ telecommand, telemetry data reception, quick look data and archival for scientific investigation by identified group of scientists.

The Chandrayaan-2 mission was successfully launched on 22^nd July 2019 by GSLV Mklll-M1 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota. After a series of Earth bound movements, the spacecraft entered into Lunar Transfer Trajectory (LTT) on August 14^th. Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) movements was performed on August 20^th, thereby Chandrayaan-2 was successfully inserted into the elliptical orbit around the Moon. This was followed by a series of lunar bound orbit movements for reducing the orbit to circular polar orbit around the Moon. On September 2^nd, Vikram lander separated from the Oribter and de-orbiting movements was performed to reduce the orbit to 35 km x 101 km. Vikram landing was attempted on 7^th September and it followed the planned descent trajectory from its orbit of 35 km to around 2 km above the surface. Communication with lander and ground station was lost. All the systems and sensors of the Lander functioned excellently until this point and proved many new technologies such as variable thrust energy technology used in the Lander. Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter is currently in a 100 km x 100 km orbit around the Moon, which carries 8 experiments.

Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. It consists of Landers and Rover configuration. It will be launched by LVM3 from (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. The energy module will carry the lander and rover configuration 100 km lunar orbit. The energy module has Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload to study the spectral and Polari metric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit. The launcher identified for Chandrayaan-3 is GSLV-Mk3 which will place the integrated module in an Elliptic Parking Orbit (EPO) of size ~170 x 36500 km.

The mission objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are:

1. To demonstrate safe and soft landing on Lunar surface.

2. To demonstrate Rover roving on the moon and

3. To conduct unaltered scientific experiments.

Advanced technologies are present in Lander such as,

1.Altimeters: Lasers & RF based Altimeters

2.Velocimeters: Lasers Doppler Velocimeter & Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera

3.Inertial Measurement: Laser Gyro based Inertial referencing and Accelerometer package

4.Propulsion System : 800N Throttleable Liquid Engines, 58N attitude thrusters & Throttleable Engine Control Electronics

5.Navigation, Guidance & Control (NGC): Powered Descent Trajectory design and associate software elements

6.Hazard Detection and Avoidance: Lander Hazard Detection & Avoidance Camera and Processing Algorithm

7.Landing Leg Mechanism.

I conclude by saying that our space intelligence i.e ISRO has done a fantastic and splendid work which makes the whole nation and it’s citizens proud. ISRO has set a very good example of not giving up by overcoming and improving Chandrayan-2 mistakes and did Chandrayan-3 with very great efficiency.